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The
health effects of wine (and
alcohol in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing study.
[49] In the
United States, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by the TV show
60 Minutes, and additional news reports on the
French paradox. The French paradox refers to the comparatively lower incidence of
coronary heart disease in France despite high levels of
saturated fat in the traditional French diet. Epidemiologists suspect that this difference is due to the high consumption of wines by the French, but the scientific evidence for this theory is currently limited.
Population studies have observed a
J curve association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease.
[50] This means that heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, while moderate drinkers have a lower risk than non-drinkers. Studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, although the association is considerably stronger for wine. Also, the studies have found increased health benefits for red wine over white wine, including cancer protection. Researchers suspect that this may be because red wine contains more
polyphenols than white wine.
[51]
A chemical in red wine called
resveratrol has been shown to have both cardioprotective and chemoprotective effects in animal studies.
[52] Low doses of resveratrol in the diet of middle-aged mice has a widespread influence on the genetic levers of aging and may confer special protection on the heart. Specifically, low doses of resveratrol mimic the effects of what is known as
caloric restriction - diets with 20-30 percent fewer calories than a typical diet.
[53] Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during
fermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of the chemical.
[54] Other beneficial compounds in wine include other polyphenols,
antioxidants, and
flavonoids.
[55]
Red wines from south of France and from
Sardinia in Italy have been found to have the highest levels of
procyanidins, which are compounds in grape seeds suspected to be responsible for red wine's heart benefits. Red wines from these areas have between two and four times as much procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called
endothelin-1 that constricts blood vessels.
[56]
A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti-bacterial agents against strains of
Streptococcus.
[57] Interestingly, wine has traditionally been used to treat wounds in some parts of the world.[
citation needed]
While evidence from both laboratory studies as well as
epidemiological (observational) studies suggest a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have yet been completed that study the effect of alcoholic drinks on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Moreover, excessive consumption of alcohol can cause some diseases including
cirrhosis of the liver and
alcoholism.
[58] Also, the
American Heart Association cautions people "not to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."
[59]
Based on the
UK unit system for measuring alcoholic content, the average bottle of wine contains 9.4 units.
[60]
Sulphites are present in all wines and are formed as a natural product of the fermentation process. Additionally, many wine producers add
sulfur dioxide in order to help preserve wine. The level of added sulfites varies, and some wines have been marketed with low sulfite content.
[61] Sulphites in wine are not a problem for most people, although some, particularly those with
asthma, can have adverse reactions. Sulfur dioxide is also added to many other foods as well, such as dried
apricots and
orange juice.
Wine's effect on the brain has also been studied. Although some researchers have concluded that wine made from the
Cabernet Sauvignon grape reduces the risk of
Alzheimer's Disease,
[62][63] others have found that among diagnosed alcoholics, wine damages the hippocampus to a greater degree than other alcoholic beverages.
[64]
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